Hardly having been born, your kid receives set of gifts among which toys take the most visible place. Through toys you kroha starts to learn the world: at first he observes of them, the beret in hands then concerns and, at last, tests them for durability.

And, of course, it is necessary to approach to selection of toys responsibly: on the one hand, they should entertain, occupy the child, enrich its private world, and with another - and this most important thing - toys should be safe.

STRUCTURE AND COVERING

Every year experts Rospotrebnadzora check sold toys on toxicity. For example, recently research more than 150 thousand games and toys has been carried out, and more than half from them have been withdrawn from a trade turnover in connection with prevyshenijami an admissible index of toxicity, MAINtenance of formaldehyde, phenol, sound level, and also the overwhelming majority of the withdrawn goods did not have certificate of quality and the sanitary conclusion. Necessarily check at sellers these documents testifying to toxic safety.

And even in the presence of necessary documents will pay special attention on a covering of toys. It is very important, that on toys did not grow bare a paint, the varnish, differently all it will get to a mouth to your child.

MATERIAL

Fragile plastic or split tree quite often become the reason of traumas at children. Watch very carefully outlined cracks on toys as plastic can break into small sharp parts, and the tree to break on long splinters which are very difficult for pulling out at the sobbing kid from ladoshki.

Well and glass toys (if, of course, it not the special strong tempered glass which is not conceding on durability to plastic), legkorazbivajushchiesja porcelain and ceramic, at all do not yield to kids without the rigid control from adults.

THE SIZE

The size of a toy should not be less than 4-5 sm in diameter, not have small details that the child could not swallow or push it in a nose. Very strictly and captiously concern a choice of the designer, mosaic games, various thematic sets. For example, several years ago in the USA the children's set on building specificity where among the other there were plastic carnations in length to 10 has been let out see

This set has been very quickly laid off, as some children have managed to swallow or push deeply in a nose even such long subjects as their diameter was 1-2 see

It is a lot of small subjects and in rattles or touch toys in which small balls are sewn up. Periodically check, that children's fingers or zubki have not reached these dangerous particles.

SHARP CORNERS

Close in shop of an eye and to the touch spend on all surface of a toy about detection of sharp corners. Whether ears at this plastic kitty or small horns at a lamb not too act? And how about too long and rigid eyelashes at dolls? At children coordination of movements is not too good, and they is constant during games get toys to itself to eyes, a mouth, a nose, beat itself (and partners in games) on a head, various parts of a body, and scratches is most simple, than it is possible to get off in this case.

Special danger represent such habitual to all piramidki. Look, the basis which rings are put on is how much strongly pointed. Prefer thick plastic or wooden bases with the rounded off end.

SOUND

Scientists have established, that too noisy toys can lead to damage of hearing at children if to bring them too close to an ear. Buying the toys publishing a sound, do not allow the child to hold them too close to an ear, and do not allow to play with them more than hour per day. Look at the instruction: a harmless noise limit for toys - 85 decibels. If the child is exposed to noise above this level, it can cause hearing damage. By the way, the most dangerous to hearing is a toy weapon which lets out 120-140 db, even when is on distance of the extended hand from an ear.

THE PRICE

Do not give in and do not buy too cheap toys. Observance of quality assurance demands certain expenses, and too low price testifies to simplification of technological processes and use of poor-quality materials.

So, summarising all told, we remind of key rules of purchases of safe toys. First of all, it is necessary to pay attention to presence of the sanitary conclusion on production. All toys should have the document on safety of products - demand it from the seller. If it is not present, refuse purchase. Besides, it is not necessary to buy too cheap children's goods. And, at last, it is necessary to pay attention to appearance of a toy: to sniff and listen to a product more precisely. Toys - pishchalki or streljalki should not publish too sharp loud sound. Well and if the toy has an unpleasant smell is can already speak about presence of any chemical toxic substances.

Check more carefully bought toys, after all on them in many respects depends both mood, and health of your child.

Achievement of the kid of four-five months is ability well to suffice a toy and long to be engaged in them. An overall objective of action of the child with toys at this age - research of its various features: forms, colours, a sound, etc.

The first games necessarily should pass with participation of parents. The kid willingly listens to them, answers their remarks, repeats or continues actions with game materials.

When the child already well can suffice and long be engaged in a toy suspended over a bed, it is necessary to learn it to turn over from a back on a stomach. Certainly, it will be possible to it not at once, it is necessary to help the kid with these attempts. It is possible to offer the child a rubber kitty, a horsy, the doggie, other figures or rattles whom the kid can easily keep in a hand. Aspiring to a toy, the child will execute the necessary action.

Since six months "the inquisitive researcher" can be offered the special game centre which should be put before the kid or to suspend to bed boards, allowing the child to operate independently, taking from its components-images various sounds, achieving inclusion or deenergizing of light effects. The plane developing rug on which the semivolume toys made of materials different in the invoice (silk are represented, fur, plastic) and with different napolniteljami (plastic peas, cellophane and others), but also also the sounding can become fine help to it. These unusual effects draw attention of the kid, inducing it again and again to repeat actions for adults, develop tactile sensitivity.

The child, carrying out thus various movements, quickly enough starts to turn independently with a side sideways, and then sits down, to creep. For such grown up kid well for the period of games to have a children's stool with big enough little table, an arena in which on walls hang up toys (on one from each party).

Since seven-eight months when the child can already creep, it is necessary for lowering on a floor, on a pure well washing carpet or a special laying.

In eleven-twelve months the kid already does the first steps. To interest and help it with it also it is possible by means of a toy. At this age things are especially interesting to the child, at influence on which there are various effects - noise, a crash, a roar, sounds of a voice of an animal. The small child at this age - the big researcher. It likes to assort and collect subjects, to put their one in another, to push toys in apertures, to open and close covers or doors. These actions satisfy requirement of the kid for knowledge. Also for an entertainment of the kid clockwork and mechanical toys - the pecking chicken, a bear playing a balalaika, the moving bull-calfe, parovoziki, balls and balls will approach.

In games the special role is taken away by the adult. Parents, smiling, naming the kid of a toy, its property, explain the actions, induce it to the emotional response. Kroha will consider with the great pleasure toys in the form of an animal - eyes, a nouse, various bright details of the dress: bows, a hat etc.

When the child will learn to stand steadily standing, toys which can be dragged behind itself on a string will be necessary for it or to roll before themselves. He with interest observes the flitting butterflies, jumping up bear cubs of actions of toy kittens which toys-wheelchairs in process of movement are serially put out from the shoes. It will be interesting to it to carry behind themselves a horsy, to pull for a ring and to take the sounds, reminding neighing (sounds should not be too sharp, frightening). Through toys there is acquaintance with fauna. For this purpose it is possible to buy to the child the figures representing its different representatives - wild and pets. With them he will play willingly to a room, in a bathroom, on walk. At purchase of such toys by the adult it is necessary to pay attention to their properties: size, colour, the form, ability to move, publish sounds - all it will enrich representations of the child about world around.

Till two years of the child does not occupy emotionally-semantic value of a toy. It interests, that with this toy it is possible to do. It is noticed, that children of this age like to repeat long actions with the same subject. This results from the fact that they show interest to its different properties. It is interesting to kid to learn, that cubes it is possible not only to put one on another, but also to put one to another, to load on the car, to stack in a box and to close. If you notice, that your child plays in a similar way, do not interrupt it, do not consider such actions empty and monotonous. They help the kid to see new in familiar subjects, to rise on higher level of generalisation of the knowledge. You and can support interest of the child to different use of familiar subjects and toys, showing to it, that it is possible to do with them.

All who at least time faced a children's hysterics, know, how feels after that any mum: she feels as if two days on end, not unbending a back, cleaned in the field a potato. And if the ugly scene is developed on eyes of fair public …

The most difficult in such situation – to keep calmness. But, strangely enough, for many mums it is easier to operate correctly during a public hysterics of the child: the habit «probably works to save the face» in public.

That with the least losses to leave an unpleasant, exhausting situation of a children's hysterics, it is necessary to remember MAIN thing: even the most remarkable mums appear from time to time in your position. Has put here often not in mum, and in temperament and character of the child, the developed situation. Mum is not guilty, but here interesting supervision: more often children go into scenes to mums, as a last resort, when there are both parents, and almost never similar histories occurs alone to daddies.

Sooner or later any child matures, it has own interests, needs, the requirements sometimes going to a cut with the parental. Having got used to receive everything, that would be desirable, the child faces an interdiction. There is a natural desire to insist on the, to achieve satisfaction of desire, as earlier. The impossibility to carry out the desirable causes strong feelings: a rage, irritation which it expresses through shout, crying or in another way. He has got used so to do earlier, and it worked. He yet does not understand, that the situation has changed, not all desires can be carried out (certainly if parents do not follow the tastes of the child, satisfying all its whims).

Thus, the hysterics arises when interests of parents and the child face, it is necessary and I want (or I do not want). Everyone insists on the until one of the parties will not concede. It is the present struggle, struggle of not simply desires, and collision of two vol. Whose will will appear more strongly, that and has won. In similar opposition all arsenal of means is used: from arrangements and payoffs to open forms of aggression (verbal and physical). Adults try to operate in a roundabout way on purpose to extinguish a hysterics right at the beginning, not having given it as it is necessary to inflame. If does not help, enter open confrontation. The child from the very beginning operates rectilinearly, persistently insisting on the. All its actions are demonstrative, directed on associates: shouts, stamps feet, falls on a floor etc. – has the purpose, in my opinion, to confuse and frighten parents of intensity of the emotions, desires, requirements.

If public hysterics happen with your child often enough, reflect, in what the true reason of it.

Here some possible variants:

The child very much does not have your attention, and he aspires to win in its such exotic way. Why on public? Because he knows: its tears of the house can and not make impression, and in a public place you will be compelled to undertake something. Having got used since the childhood to express the loneliness, fear simply requirement for love, thus, the adult continues "tradition" and in matrimonial relations. Instead of simple words: «I alone also would like, that me have fondled», he starts to search an occasion to quarrel as has got used to compensate an attention lack in such a way.

The child manipulates you and at MAIN, he has got used to extract thus to itself(himself) everything, that wants. To distinguish obvious manipulation from the weariness, the begun illness, secret fear at first sight hardly, but observe the child, listen, HOW he cries, THAT finally helps it to calm down, and much becomes clear to you.

The most simple reason – the child has got tired, is hungry, wishes to sleep. Here complications to avoid easier in total if it is necessary to go somewhere with the child, organise travel so that visiting of shops, exhibitions and other it was not necessary for the period of meal or a day dream. Besides each mum knows about the child, during what time of day it happens in the best mood and can plan issue at this time.

Classical and effective way of struggle against a children's hysterics - to ignore it. To leave the child to row in loneliness: as a rule, people (including, and children), inclined to a hysterics, are very demonstrative and without an audience quickly upokaivajutsja. Hardly the child will start to "be come", whenever possible easy tell to it: "you Wish to shout — sit here one and shout. And when you upokoishsja, we will talk". To carry on any negotiations when a hysterics in a heat, it is absolutely senseless: the person simply does not hear you. When the child will calm down, necessarily caress it, kiss, praise that to it was possible to consult with itself, tell, how strongly it love. Be consecutive and arrive so each time even if the hysterics has occurred in a public place. If you are confused with condemnation of associates, simply take the child in an armful and carry in less crowded a place.

Show hardness and do not enter with the child any negotiations while he will not calm down.

If you sustain such pressure and will strictly follow this rule, through any time you will notice, that your kid suits all less often and less often a hysterics.

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As is known, optimists not only less often are ill, than pessimists, but they are even less subject to stress and lives are able to rejoice more often. If in your family there was a child, it is desirable to impart since small years to it qualities of the optimist.

How to bring up the optimist in a family?

Help your kid to achieve success

Children form self-respect and develop an optimistic view for a life during those moments when something manages to be made it well. Parents should support to children that the result was more often the positive. Besides, when to the child something manages to be executed well, parents should notice by all means it aloud and praise the child for everyone though also insignificant, but success.

Explain to your kid thanks to what he could achieve success

It is not enough one praise. Always the explanation why the child managed to make successfully should follow a praise, for example, test tasks (because it learnt well lessons, prepared for testing, repeated rules). Differently, it is important to show to the child success components. The child should understand, that the success is a number of consecutive steps to the purpose, it is work.

If at the child something has turned out unsuccessfully in that case it is not necessary to praise the kid, and it is necessary to support and tell, that next time to it will by all means carry.

Not perehvalivajte the child

At all it is not necessary to parents to assert, that everything, that their child does, is praiseworthy. Otherwise, the child cannot solve itself in the future a problem and will not realise, when it will do something not so, all it can lead to that the child will feel confusion and uncertainty in, and can and run into depression at all.

Support at failures of the child

As soon as children suffer failure, they are upset at once and feel uncertain. During such moments parents always should be a number to support and encourage the kid. So, for example, if the child has badly executed examination, tell to it, that, probably, to it followed simply it is better to be prepared. Necessarily also it is necessary to add, that you are simply assured that your child will execute the following examination excellent because it – clever and sharp. It will be not out of place to notice that fact, that the child very seldom receives bad marks at school that says that the bad result of the given examination is an exception to the rules.

Learn the child to notice in people and situations the good

Explain to the child, that in each situation there are positive and negative moments and what even in failures there is something positive. In the game form help the kid to see something positive in the negative. So, for example, when it is raining, and your kid wishes to play in the street, suggest alternative to it (to invite friends to you in the house to play etc.).

Never respond badly about the child at its presence

You can correct some behaviour of the child, but at all do not name it vredinoj, a fool, lack of talent, unpromising etc. Children are inclined to trust parents, for this reason, shortly, if you often say similar words to the child, it and will become vredinoj, a fool and lack of talent.

Elena Byk

According to a site

Smoking – an addiction of the present and, despite preventions of doctors of harm of smoking for a human body, predilection for nicotine extends on all planet. And if in the recent past men with arrival of female emancipation and strengthening of positions of feminist movement for smoking the women which basic life sort continuation is undertook also have been subject to this addiction only.

Smokers during pregnancy of women every day becomes more and more. And if still yesterday the public today future mums even with a rounding off of forms in the field of a stomach do not pay attention that passers-by will tell, having seen them in a cigarette society was the considerable factor limiting smoking during pregnancy. The majority of the women smoking before conception, do not throw a cigarette and after joyful news that they soon become mums.

So why the woman, obviously knowing about harm of smoking, harms own, yet to not born child? Partly it occurs from ignorance of consequences of influence of smoking on course of pregnancy and fruit formation.

Smoking will not help to keep a figure

Someone is afraid to type superfluous kgs and to harm to own figure, struggling with excessive appetite by means of nicotinic "friends". But they do not think at all that safety of a figure and illness or death of the future kid are things absolutely different including popravimost their various. If after sorts it is possible to return symmetry of a waist within a year – two to cure the child, especially return it by a life can to be an excessive problem for mankind.

It is not necessary to follow bad councils

Often future mums find the justification to the bad habit, following an example from not too correct acquaintances, and saying, that the child of the smoker during pregnancy of the girlfriend was born absolutely healthy. It would be desirable to notice, that the given statement in a root during pregnancy and feeding of mums yet does not say not truly and "positive" experience of smokers that your future kid will be same "healthy".

Smoking and abortions - the connected things

Numerous world researches have proved for a long time already, that smoking influences quantity of spontaneous abortions, causes pre-natal death of a fruit, and raises risk of death rate during the period novorozhdennosti, causes premature birth and a birth of children who are lagging behind in weight and intellectual development. The unsuccessful current of pregnancy terminating in death of the kid or an abortion, is observed more often in 3 times at smoking women. And even if the kid at the smoker throughout all pregnancy of mum at the moment of a birth answers all parametres of the healthy child, there are no guarantees, that in further its physical and intellectual development (as scientists speak, throughout the next 6 years of a life) will be carried out as in due time.

How the tobacco smoke influences an organism of the future kid?

For those who considers statements of researchers as an empty phrase, it is necessary to consider influence on pre-natal development of a fruit of the daily use of nicotine by smoking mother.

All know, that till a birth the child is a part of a parent organism. It eats and breathes by means of oxygen and the nutrients which are in blood of future mum. Nicotine is one of substances which except digestive system and respiratory system gets to blood of the smoker. Under its influence the placenta structure, a food, blood circulation and embryo breath changes. Often at smoking pregnant women it is observed gipoksija a fruit, simple words – shortage of oxygen or an asthma. From what quantity of oxygen is born in themselves by the red blood little bodies named haemoglobin, the fruit weight, development of nervous system and a pregnancy outcome depends. It is known, that, getting to blood, nicotine and oksid carbon will paralyse kislorodosoderzhashchie blood particles, and sates blood of the kid not with oxygen, and carbonic gas. It leads to reduction of impellent activity of a fruit and oxygen starvation. Consequences of shortage of oxygen of your future kid throughout 9 months of pregnancy can be rather pitiable. Such kids not so are quickly trained in skills of self-service, start to write and read later. Are more often observed at children of smoking mothers of infringement of nervous system and a brain.

They lag behind in physical development and growth, besides badly adapt in a society of contemporaries, constantly worrying psychological stresses. Among congenital anomalies of the babies born by smokers during pregnancy by women, it is necessary to note high percent of a birth of kids with pahovoj a hernia, a squint, defects of development of a nasopharynx, and also heart diseases. More often on 70 % the birth of babies with the wolf mouth and a harelip is observed at smoking women. Children of smoking mothers are more subject to development of diseases of respiratory system, such as a bronchitis, a pneumonia or an asthma.

During pregnancy nicotine gets as well into chest glands of pregnant women. And it threatens with bad structure of milk developed after sorts, its lack or full absence. The wrong structure of chest milk, its insufficient fat content, exactly, as well as artificial feeding in a kind of absence of chest milk can lead to delays in a set of weight at the newborn, irritability, to locks, a bad dream and a dysbacteriosis. So, mum in exchange for a cigarette loses the right to happy motherhood and a healthy dream, on feeding by a breast owing to which the belly wall into place comes back and the waist is again formed. It is compelled to stuff the kid with medicines, and, losing a dream to prepare mixes at any time.

Indisputable fact is also that the child born by the smoker during pregnancy by mother, is more subject to influence of nicotinic dependence at independent smoking in the further life, and it will be much more difficult to it to get rid of nicotinic dependence.

Whether the price of cigarettes is not too great?

Unless listed it is not enough of all? So what for to risk that only thing, what, probably, to us time is given in this life only? Health and intellectual development of your future kid? Its right to a high-grade life, to health and intelligence, position in a society and product on light of healthy posterity. Yes, smoke during pregnancy many can, but smoking mother after a birth of the child reMAINs on edine with own problems, it one will bring up and raise for the rest of the life the child-invalid, the painful or mentally retarded kid, having refused from the right to private life. The life and to our children is given to us only time so what for obviously it to ruin a nicotinic smoke?

Each parent dreams of the unusual future for own fumes. For this purpose mums and daddies should help children with revealing, comprehension of their interests, propensities... And then - to recommend sections and mugs. If it is difficult to child to be defined, let he resembles in different mugs to feel own bent for to something. From parents the patience and support is required. It is possible to descend on the first employment together with offsprings and to try then understand - the child wishes to be engaged in it or not? Also what to it will give these employment?

DRAWING

Art perception of the world - fine opening for the child and the adult. Employment on drawing exist in the specialised children's centres even for 6-month's kids! For the smallest there are finger-type nontoxical paints with which help the first pictures are created. Drawing is useful for development of the right hemisphere of the brain responsible for a creative, emotion, abstraktnost and figurativeness of thinking.

THEATRICAL SKILL

Here where paradise for liberation of a nursery zazhatosti, shyness, constraint! But also not only. MAIN thing - in theatrical mugs the child can reveal as the many-sided creative person, to learn is high-grade to communicate, beautifully to move and speak. Employment in such circle are spent on several specialisations: children train in scenic speech and movement, learn to actor's skill and a pantomime, ancient dances and acrobatics. In a drama school memory and feeling of a rhythm develops, children study to work in group, to draw scenery and to make a requisite, to sew suits. As a rule, children organizovanno drive on performances at professional theatres, acquaint and with creativity of other children's collectives. It gives powerful spur to development of the child as to the person.

TECHNICAL MUGS

Popularity of such employment now is not so high, not as earlier, but it is not necessary to refuse idea to learn boy to use a hammer, a drill. In general many five - six-summer children with the great pleasure make models of planes and the ships. And who knows, probably, your kid, pohodiv on employment in a technical circle, becomes the great designer or the famous engineer?

SKILFUL HANDS

Hand made (that is made by the hands) becomes more and more actual. It earlier each woman was to itself the skilled worker. And now embroidery, biseropletenie, sewing, manufacturing of dolls and other toys - an exclusive. Such things always in the price also are very much appreciated by associates as a gift. Also such hobby can give and a quite good increase of the budget in the future. Well and now small skilled workers let develop taste, spatial thinking and a small motility.

NATURE CORNER

Dialogue with brothers our smaller in places specially taken away for this purpose keeps nerves to the parents, not welcoming living creatures abundance in the house, and kiddies learns to responsibility and care. Not speaking about dialogue which give zverjushki. By the way, and whether you know what animals help many children lagging behind in development? Warmth and love which are given by pupils of nature corners, create a favorable emotional background at the child, sensation of its necessity.

POOL

Experts recommend to begin playing sports with pool. The question price is not great, and advantage - essential. In - the first, the child becomes tempered, secondly, loads all groups of muscles, in the-third, develops coordination of movements. And the most important thing, receiving loadings, in water children are is better protected from every possible traumas, bruises and bruises. Certainly, under supervision of the professional instructor.

Having got used to water, girls ask on akva-aerobics, and boys - for water polo more often. Unique restriction - concerning jumps in water. It is one of most travmoopasnyh sports kinds, and doshkoljat is better to focus on other kinds of employment in water.

AEROBICS

Besides loadings on muscles, on aerobics of the child develop feeling of a rhythm. Groups of aerobics for kids are practically in any fitness centres, houses of children's creativity and many pools. Only do not take in head to take the child on the adult employment! Loadings at adults absolutely others, the child jumping about mum quickly will exhaust, its heart is not adapted for the set rhythm, also it can lose interest to employment in general.

DANCES

On dances to children "put" a bearing for long years. It is a beautiful, fascinating kind of sports where besides rhythmics and plastics, children, receive art development and an outlook. Children start to understand music, in dancing styles, dance history in general. A unique minus - it rather zatratnye employment. Suits at small sportsmen, footwear stand not much less than adults, and to change them it is necessary more often - taking into account growth of your fumes. The financial question costs and on following employment - figure skating...

FIGURE SKATING

Thanks to television programs "Dances on ice", "Glacial age", in figure skating sections an unknown agiotage. To go for a drive want all - both boys, and girls! By the way, to those parents of boys who consider, that it "not a courageous kind of sports", it is not necessary to be upset. In due course boy well standing on the fads with pleasure will accept in hockey players or skaters.

TRACK AND FIELD ATHLETICS

This kind of sports harmoniously develops all groups of muscles, raises endurance, learns to own all body. Thus it it is ready less travmatichen, than, for example, sports gymnastics or the acrobatics which is considered very dangerous to children.

We hope, you have made a choice where to direct the own child. And at last a little advice: do not abuse children if they "rush about" on different mugs. Let try, experiment!

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